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+===================================================+
+======= Quality Techniques Newsletter =======+
+======= October 2004 =======+
+===================================================+
QUALITY TECHNIQUES NEWSLETTER (QTN) is E-mailed monthly to
subscribers worldwide to support the Software Research, Inc. (SR),
eValid, and TestWorks user communities and to other interested
parties to provide information of general use to the worldwide
internet and software quality and testing community.
Permission to copy and/or re-distribute is granted, and secondary
circulation is encouraged, provided that the entire QTN
document/file is kept intact and this complete copyright notice
appears in all copies. Information on how to subscribe or
unsubscribe is at the end of this issue. (c) Copyright 2004 by
Software Research, Inc.
========================================================================
Contents of This Issue
o Method for Estimating the Number of Concurrent Users, by Eric
Man Wong
o NSS2 Update From Alan Salisbury
o eValid: Latest News and Updates
o Special Issue of IEEE Software, Incorporating COTS into the
Development Process
o ISO 9001:2000 for Software and Systems Provicers: An
Engineering Approach, by Robert C. Bamford adn William J.
Deibler II
o eValid: A Quick Summary
o Software Process: Improvement and Practice: Free/Open Source
Software Processes
o www.ada-answers.com Launches New Website
o 2005 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2005)
o QTN Article Submittal, Subscription Information
========================================================================
Method for Estimating the Number of Concurrent Users
by
Eric Man Wong
1. Introduction
For the sake of capacity planning and performance management, it is
often necessary to estimate the number of concurrent users of a
system before it is actually put into production. It is because the
consumption of many system resources is directly related to the
number of concurrent users. Using web application as an example: the
memory usage, the CPU utilization, the number of server
processes/threads, the number of database connections and the
network bandwidth utilization are all increasing functions of the
number of users concurrently logging in at the system.
Notwithstanding the importance, people often estimate the number of
concurrent users by intuition or wild guessing with little
justification. In this paper, we try to introduce a simple method to
derive the number of concurrent users from some other parameters
that can be more easily estimated and justified.
2. An Unsatisfactory Method
A way people sometimes use to estimate the number of concurrent
users is to assume that it is equal to a certain percentage of the
total user population. It is not a good method because even though
the user population can sometimes be reliably estimated, the
percentage figure being used is often, if not always, a magic number
that has little justification.
It should be pointed out that the percentage figure just mentioned
cannot be taken as the percentage of users who access a system in a
certain period of time. In some situations it is possible for the
latter figure to be reliably estimated. For example, if we know that
every user uses a particular system once and only once in a month
and there is no preference on which day the system will be used, we
can safely predict that the percentage of users who will use the
system in any one day is about 3.3% (that is, 1 / 30).
However, this figure alone cannot be used to deduce the number of
concurrent users. It is because the users who use the system on the
same day do not necessarily use it at the same time. Some users may
use it in the morning, and some may use it in the afternoon. We are
going to see in the next section a better way to do this.
3. Formula for Estimating the Average Number of Concurrent users
We begin by defining what the number of concurrent users means. But
before we do, the term login session has to be clarified first.
A login session is a time interval defined by a start time and end
time. Between the start time and end time, there are one or more
system resources being held. Take any web application that requires
user authentication as an example, a login session starts from the
time the user logs on to the system and ends when the users logs
out. A user session (which consumes system memory) is created for
each login session. The length of a login session is the difference
between the start time and the end time.
We are now ready to define the concept of concurrent users. We shall
agree that the number of concurrent users at a particular time
instant is defined as the number of login sessions into which the
time instant falls. This is illustrated in the following example:
^
|
+--------Login Session 4---+-------------
| |
| -------------------+-Login Session 3----
| |
| ---------Login Session 2-------------
| |
| ---+--Login Session 1--------
| |
+--------------------------+----------------------------> Time
t0
The horizontal axis is the time line. Each horizontal line segment
represents a login session. Since the vertical line at time t0
intercepts with three login sessions, the number of concurrent users
at time t0 is equal to three. Let us focus on the time interval
from 0 to an arbitrary time instant T. The following result can be
mathematically proven:
(*) Average number of concurrent users(c) =
Sum of the length of all login session
--------------------------------------
T
Alternatively, if the total number of login sessions from time 0 to
T equals n, and the average length of a login session equals L, then
(**) C = (n L) / T
The formal proof is presented in the the fulll version of this
paper. Intuitively, the formula can be shown this way: imagine that
all the line segments representing the login sessions are joined end
to end to form a long string. If the string is longer than T, then
we have to wrap it round and round for a number of times in order to
fill it in the space with length T.
4. Estimating the parameters
To calculate the average number of concurrent users (C) using the
formula in section 3, a prerequisite is determining the values of
the two parameters:
o the total number of login sessions (n)
o the average length of a login session (L) in the time period of
concern with length (T).
In this section, we give some advice about how these parameters
could be estimated.
Firstly it should be pointed out that the result of the formula, C,
is only an average value. It is possible that the number of
concurrent users fluctuate widely in the concerned period of time.
Hence, if we want the value of C to be as representative as
possible, we should restrict the time period of concern so that the
arrival rate of new login sessions (i.e. the ratio of n/T) is more
or less steady in that time period. For example, if we know that a
system is only used during office hours, we should limit the period
of concern to the office hours only, instead of the whole day. The
value of T is therefore equal to 8 (assuming 8-hour work) instead of
24. Otherwise, the value of C will be greatly dragged down by the
fact that the system is not used during the non-officer hours.
The total number of login sessions (n) and the average length of a
login session (L) can often be determined by the size of the user
population and usage patterns. For example, if there are N potential
users and we know that the probabilities that a user will use a
system one time, two times and three times a day are p1, p2 and p3
respectively, and assume that a user will very unlikely use the
system more than three times a day, then the total number of login
sessions in one day is N (p1 + 2 p2 + 3 p3). On the other hand, the
average length of a login session can be estimated by observing how
a sample of users use the system.
In many systems, the frequency of usage and the average length of
login sessions varies widely for different users. In this case, if
we can group the users of similar usage patterns into a small number
of classes, the above analysis can still be made. We can then
calculate the number concurrent of users for each class and add the
results together.
Undeniably, the usage patterns of users are often difficult to
accurately predict. But for most systems, especially internal
applications, some justifiable rough figures can usually be
obtained. A example is presented in the next section to illustrate
this.
5. An Example
The government of City H is going to launch the electronic payroll
system for its 170,000 employees to view their own payroll
information. Due to the varied levels of IT competency, the limited
availability of PCs and the existence of other means for checking
salary information, it is estimated that when the system is fully
launched across the government, only 50% of the employees will
regularly use the system. Of these users, it is also estimated that
70% will use the system once during the last week of each month. It
was observed from the users who participated in the UAT that the
average length of usage is about 5 minutes.
We can now estimate the average concurrent number of users during
the last week of a month. Let us restrict the period of concern to
the office hours (9am - 5pm) of any one day.
n = 170,000 * 0.5 * 0.7 / 5
(assuming 5 days in a week)
= 11,900
L = 5 min
T = 8 hrs = 480 min ( 8 office hours each day)
C = (n L)/T = (11,900 * 5) / 480 = ~124
So, it can be predicted that there will be an average of ~124
concurrent users accessing the system during the last week of each
month.
For Further Information
This article is a shortened version of a longer paper which which
you can download from:
http://www.geocities.com/wongman_eric/Concurrent_Users_Estimation.pdf
========================================================================
NSS2 Update From Alan Salisbury
Editors Note: Below is an email letter received from
Dr. Alan Salisbury, President of the Center for National
Software Studies (http://www.cnsoftware.org). You can
reach Alan at salisbury@cnsoftware.org.
Dear Ed:
I think I can state without any doubt that NSS2 was very successful.
We had a critical mass of significant players from government,
industry and academia, and we had a good 2 days of solid
deliberation.
We are working on the NSS2 final report which we want to release
some time after the election, so we can target the right people to
receive copies. Title (subject to final revision) is "Software 2015:
A National Software Strategy to Ensure U.S. Security and
Competitiveness. Report of the 2d National Software Summit."
Here's an excerpt from the NSS2 Report: "The vision for this
strategy includes two mutually supporting and complementary goals:
Achieving the ability to routinely develop and deploy trustworthy
software products and systems, while ensuring the continued
competitiveness of the U.S. software industry. The proposed
strategy includes the four major program themes listing below, each
consisting of one or more initiatives which are further detailed in
the sections that follow:
o Improving Software Quality and Security
o Educating and Fielding the Software Workforce
o Re-Energizing Software Research & Development
o Encouraging Innovation within the U. S. Software Industry"
That's about as much of a "preview" as I think I can provide at this
point. The meat, of course, is the initiatives themselves which we
are still massaging while we complete the overall report. If you
want to mention any of this in your newsletter I think that will be
OK.
Regards,
Alan
========================================================================
eValid: Latest News & Updates
eValid is the premier WebSite Quality Testing & Analysis Suite.
eValid solutions help organizations maintain e-Business presence,
improve WebSite quality and performance, reduce down time, prevent
customer loss, and control your costs.
eValid's Web Analysis and Testing Suite is comprehensive, yet
scalable and easy to use, and applies to a wide range of web
applications. Built entirely inside an IE-compatible browser,
realistic viewer experience results are 100% guaranteed.
New 3D-SiteMap Update Introduces New Capabilities
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The 3D-SiteMap portrays page-to-page dependency information that the
eValid site analysis process obtains by systematically scanning a
WebSite and then analyzing the dependencies between all of the pages
it viewed.
A new release of the eValid 3D-SiteMap display engine is now
available. The new additions to the 3D-SiteMap engine include:
o A capability to limit the displayed dependencies to an
adjustable depth for children and/or parents of a chosen root
node.
o An option to show only the "immediate family" of a chosen root
(base) URL.
You can see a complete working example along with the updated 3D-
SiteMap Summary Documentation at:
http://www.soft.com/eValid/Products/Documentation.40/Mapping/3Dsitemap.html
New Course at McGill by Robert Sabourin
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Prof. Robert Sabourin is offering a course in Software Validation
[ECSE 429] http://www.ece.mcgill.ca/~info429/infosheet.html in the
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
http://www.mcgill.ca/ece/ at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada. A major part of the course is the us of eValid for
functional and stress testing of websites.
Sample E-Commerce, Download Monitors Available
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
As part of our continuing effort to provide clear explanations and
worked examples of eValid operation, we have put together two
additional hourly monitors.
The Ritz Interactive E-Commerce Monitor
http://www.soft.com/eValid/Customers/USA/R/Ritzinteractive/Monitor1/summary.html
applies a deep transaction to a popular website to determine hour-
by-hour relative performance as viewed "over the last mile" from a
users' perspective. This is a very reliable website, but even so
you can observe daily fluctuations in the total download time.
The SilverDollar Executable Download Monitor
http://www.soft.com/eValid/Customers/Canada/I/IPmarketing/Monitor1/summary.html
examines the total download speed for a relatively large (> 5
MByte) executable. It does this by actually downloading the file
and synchronizing for "Download Complete" in the Windows SaveAs
modal dialog. Like Ritz Interactive, this is a very stable site,
which exhibits fairly uniform download speeds through each day.
Enhanced Adaptive Playback for ButtonClick Command
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Changes in the adaptive playback support have been made for eValid's
ButtonClick command. The new implementation provides for increased
flexibility in how eValid adapts to a changed button name or changed
button location. With this change fewer tests will fail for
inconsequential changes in the underlying website. The improved
method is available to regular eValid users as part of their regular
maintenance subscription.
eValid Adopted For Lab Use At SJSU
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Prof. Gerry Gao at San Jose State University's College of
Engineering http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/coe/index.php has adopted
eValid for use in his course on Software Quality Testing [CMPE
287/196H] http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/gaojerry/course/287/Lab-
schedule.htm being offered in the Fall 2004 semester. The eValid
engine is used for both the GUI regression testing (record/play)
work and also for the load/stress testing parts of the laboratory
work.
New Dashboard Status Displays
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
As web pages grow in complexity it becomes more and more important
to have precise control of the eValid recording mode. Knowing the
kind of object you are recording is crucial to achieving a reliable,
repeatable, adaptable and robust test recording.
To help achieve the best possible recordings the eValid Recording
Mode Dashboard has been modified to show the current settings of
important recording options. See:
http://www.soft.com/eValid/Products/Documentation.40/GUI/dashboard.html#Record
Now you can see, in one location, the current states of absolute and
Element MouseOver recording, and of Left and Right Click recording
in absolute mode. In addition, the dashboard shows you when you are
recording in Application Mode.
Command Line Switches and Error Codes Expanded
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
To support expanded use of eValid in monitoring applications and
other unattended operational roles, we have added a number of new
exit codes. The complete Playback Error Codes documentation gives
all of the details. See:
http://www.soft.com/eValid/Products/Documentation.40/Technical/error.codes.html
Of special note is the addition of error/exit codes for the new
eV.Manager batch-mode to automatically repeat application of an test
suite a fixed number of times in immediate succession.
See the eV.Manager Command Line Switches description at:
http://www.soft.com/eValid/Products/Documentation.40/Technical/interface.html#eV.Manager
Product Download Location, Details
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Here is the URL for downloading eValid if you want to start [or re-
start] your evaluation:
http://www.soft.com/eValid/Products/Download.40/down.evalid.40.phtml?status=FORM
Contact Us With Your Questions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
We welcome your questions about eValid and its applications. We
promise a response to every question in one business day if you use
the WebSite request form:
http://www.soft.com/eValid/Information/info.request.html
========================================================================
Special Issue of IEEE Software
dedicated to
Incorporating COTS into the Development Process
Publication: July/August 2005 Issue
http://cs-ieee.manuscriptcentral.com/index.html.
Dealing with commercial off-the-shelf products is a high-risk
activity, in part due to lack of access to its source code and its
developers. In the past, COTS integration has addressed this problem
predominantly as an add-on to software development. However, it
affects the entire software development life cycle from requirements
engineering, design, implementation, and testing to long-term
maintenance; it transcends social, economic, and development
concerns; and it affects all the "traditional" aspects of software
development.
This special issue will explore innovative ways of integrating
commercial off-the-shelf software products into software systems for
purposes often unimagined by their creators. It will investigate the
challenges and risks faced as well as the benefits gained in
building COTS-based software systems. The issue will report on
Software engineering principles (methods, techniques, tools) for
integrating COTS products into software systems effectively, safely,
reliably, and predictably, lessons learned, and case studies that
demonstrate such software engineering principles.
Potential topics include:
o How to achieve COTS product control and data integration
o How to synchronize COTS products with other systems
o How to mediate between incompatible interfaces
o How to make COTS products aware of their surroundings
o How to architect, design, and simulate COTS product integration
> Integrating their user interfaces
> Dealing with version control
o How to reverse-engineer systems containing COTS products
o How to design product lines with COTS products
o How to test software systems containing COTS products
Manuscripts must not exceed 5,400 words including figures and
tables, which count for 200 words each. Submissions in excess of
these limits may be rejected without refereeing. The articles we
deem within the theme's scope will be peer-reviewed and are subject
to editing for magazine style, clarity, organization, and space. We
reserve the right to edit the title of all submissions. Be sure to
include the theme's name on your manuscript.
Guest Editors:
Alexander Egyed
Research Scientist
Teknowledge Corp.
4640 Admiralty Way, Suite 1010
Marina Del Rey, CA 90292, USA
aegyed@teknowledge.com
Hausi A. Mller
Professor
Department of Computer Science
University of Victoria
PO Box 3055, Engineering Office Wing
EOW-337 (for courier)
Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada
Dewayne E. Perry
Professor
Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Texas at Austin
1 University Station Stop C0803
Austin, TX 78712-1084, USA
========================================================================
ISO 9001:2000 for Software and Systems Providers:
An Engineering Approach
by
Robert C. Bamford
William J. Deibler II
Abstract
Executives, engineering managers, project managers, engineers, and
process improvement experts within engineering organizations need a
resource that systematically translates the requirements of ISO
9001:2000 into a usable specification for engineers. Understanding
ISO 9001:2000 from an engineer's perspective ensures that software,
hardware, and systems engineering organizations will continue to
develop, maintain and evolve their engineering practices long after
the consultants are gone. ISO 9001:2000 for Software and Systems
Providers: An Engineering Approach (December 2003, CRC Press)
provides proven strategies for using ISO 9001 to implement and
revitalize systematic process improvements within software,
hardware, and systems engineering organizations.
This volume dissects and analyzes each paragraph of ISO 9001 from an
engineering perspective, clarifying the relationship to engineering
practices and the potential benefits to the organization. This
volume also stresses the relationships among the paragraphs, which
can have a critical impact on the efficiency of the ISO
implementation.
Written by engineers for engineers, the authors incorporate more
than a decade of experience implementing ISO 9001 in engineering
organizations of all types. They present a well-defined roadmap that
any engineering organization can follow to secure the maximum
benefits from the standard. Their roadmap has proven effective in
small and large organizations, from Silicon-Valley-based startups to
established defense contractors.
Contact: Bill Deibler
========================================================================
eValid: A Quick Summary
http://www.e-valid.com
eValid technology incorporates virtually every quality and testing
functionality in a full-featured browser. Here is a summary of the
main eValid benefits and advantages.
o InBrowser(tm) Technology. All the test functions are built into
the eValid browser. eValid offers total accuracy and natural
access to "all things web." If you can browse it, you can test
it. And, eValid's unique capabilities are used by a growing
number of firms as the basis for their active services
monitoring offerings.
o Mapping and Site Analysis. The built-in WebSite spider travels
through your website and applies a variety of checks and filters
to every accessible page. All done entirely from the users'
perspective -- from a browser -- just as your users will see
your website.
o Functional Testing, Regression Testing. Easy to use GUI based
record and playback with full spectrum of validation functions.
The eV.Manager component provides complete, natural test suite
management.
o LoadTest Server Loading. Multiple eValid's play back multiple
independent user sessions -- unparalleled accuracy and
efficiency. Plus: No Virtual Users! Single and multiple
machine usages with consolidated reporting.
o Performance Tuning Services. Outsourcing your server loading
activity can surely save your budget and might even save your
neck! Realistic scenarios, applied from multiple driver
machines, impose totally realistic -- no virtual users! -- loads
on your server.
o Web Services Testing/Validation. eValid tests of web services
start begin by analyzing the WSDL file and creating a custom
HTML testbed page for the candidate service. Special data
generation and analysis commands thoroughly test the web service
and automatically identify a range of failures.
o Desktop, Enterprise Products. eValid test and analysis engines
are delivered at moderate costs for desktop use, and at very
competitive prices for use throughout your enterprise.
o HealthCheck Subscription. For websites up to 1000 pages, eValid
HealthCheck services provide basic detailed analyses of smaller
websites in a very economical, very efficient way.
o eValidation Managed Service. Being introduced soon. the
eValidation Managed WebSite Quality Service offers comprehensive
user-oriented detailed quality analysis for any size website,
including those with 10,000 or more pages.
Resellers, Consultants, Contractors, OEMers Take Note
We have an active program for product and service resellers. We'd
like to hear from you if you are interested in joining the growing
eValid "quality website" delivery team. We also provide OEM
solutions for internal and/or external monitoring, custom-faced
testing browsers, and a range of other possibilities. Let us hear
from you!
========================================================================
"Software Process: Improvement and Practice,"
Special Issue On
"Free/Open Source Software Processes,"
Web sites:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jabout/15482/ProductInformation.html
http://www.sei.cmu.edu/community/spip-cfp.html
Description: Free/open source software (F/OSS) products and
processes (development methods and practices) are being adopted on a
global basis throughout the software community. However, it is
unclear whether the enthusiastic adoption of F/OSS processes is
justified or not. Specifically, it is unclear what processes and
practices are specific to, or characteristic of the development,
deployment, use, or evolution of F/OSS systems.
This special issue of Software Process - Improvement and Practice
seeks papers that investigate F/OSS processes from a variety of
perspectives and approaches. We are particularly interested in
empirical studies of F/OSS processes found in different F/OSS
projects, as well as studies that employ tools and techniques for
studying, mining, or modeling F/OSS processes through analysis of
F/OSS source code, development artifacts, computer-mediated
communications (public discussion forums, chat archives,
Wikis/Blogs), Web sites, and public repositories.
Contact: Brian Fitzgerald (brian.fitzgerald@ul.ie)
========================================================================
www.ada-answers.com Launches New WebSite!
As the need for robust and reliable software systems increases, Ada
continues to prove to be an excellent answer for many of today's
most complex programming challenges. 'Ada Answers' is dedicated to
keeping developers and project managers informed about Ada and
showcasing the particular strengths and benefits of this extremely
powerful programming language. 'Ada Answers' is part of AdaCore's
ongoing commitment to promote the qualities of the Ada programming
language.
Features of the new website include:
- Real world examples of Ada in use, including a comprehensive
list of companies and organizations that are using Ada everyday.
- A growing collection of video interviews in which developers and
managers speak about why they have chosen Ada.
- Technical features of the Ada programming language are
explained, showing how they translate into bottom-line business
benefits.
- A section dedicated to the wide range of up-to-date Ada
materials and resources available on the web.
AdaCore is always looking for interesting and innovative Ada
stories. Please contact us with yours. We plan to produce videos of
some of the stories, but all contributors whose story is published
will receive a stylish Ada Answers T-shirt!
========================================================================
2005 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2005)
July 12-15, 2005, Orlando, Florida, USA
Sponsored by IEEE Computer Society
http://conferences.computer.org/icws/2005
Theme: Bridge the Gap between Business Services and IT Services
The 2005 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2005)
is the THIRD year of ICWS focusing on Web Services. The long-term
goal of ICWS is to build up a reputable and respectable conference
for the international community. ICWS is a forum for researchers and
industry practitioners to exchange information regarding
advancements in the state of the art and practice of Web Services,
as well as to identify the emerging research topics and define the
future of Web Services computing. ICWS 2005 is sponsored by IEEE
Computer Society Technical Steering Committee (a.k.a. Technical
Community) for Services Computing (TSC-SC) and will be co-located
with the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing
(SCC 2005). The theme of this joint IEEE conference on SERVICES is
"Bridge the Gap between Business Services and IT Services".
ICWS 2004 was held in San Diego, California, July 6-9, 2004. A total
of 230 papers were submitted to ICWS in 2004, 66 were accepted as
full research papers. ICWS 2004 had 14 research sessions, 4 industry
sessions, 5 tutorials, 4 panels, and 3 poster paper sessions. ICWS
2004 had attracted about 250 registered participants from 22
countries and regions. ICWS 2003 and ICWS 2004 have proven to be an
excellent catalyst for research & collaboration, and we fully expect
that ICWS 2005 will continue this trend. The program of ICWS 2005
will continue to feature research papers with a wide range of
topics, focusing on difference aspects of IT services. Some of the
topics include Web Services specifications and enhancements, Web
Services discovery, Web Services security, Web Services based
applications, Web Services standards and technologies, Web Services
applications and solutions, Web Services realizations, semantic Web
Services, and other emerging technologies or solutions. All
accepted papers will be published in the conference proceedings in
hardcopy and on-line version by the IEEE Computer Society. The full
version of the selected best papers published in the ICWS 2005 will
be invited to publication in the International Journal of Web
Services Research (JWSR) (by Idea Group) and possibly other related
journals. The ICWS 2005 Proceedings and JWSR have both been selected
to be included in EI Compendex.
SCOPE: Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the
following:
- Mathematical foundations of Web Services
- Data management issues in Web Services
- Frameworks for building Web Service applications
- Composite Web Service creation and enabling infrastructures
- Web Service composition, orchestration, and choreography
- Web Services modeling & design
- Web Services discovery & selection
- Semantic Web, ontologies, and Web Services
- Dynamic invocation mechanisms for Web Services
- Contractual issues between provider and consumer of Web Services
- Version management in Web Services
- Customization of Web Services
- Web Services architecture
- Web Services negotiation & agreement
- UDDI and SOAP enhancements
- Web Services and process management
- Trust, security & privacy in Web Services
- Scalability and performance of Web Services
- Web Services standards and technologies
- Automatic computing for Web Services infrastructure
- Wireless web, mobility, and Web Services
- Web Service based Grid Computing and peer to peer computing
- Web Services based applications for e-commerce
- Quality of service for Web Services
- Multimedia applications using Web Services
- Economics and pricing models of utility computing and Web Services
- Resource management of Web Services
- Solution management for Web Services
- Adoption of Web Services by organizations
- Case studies on Web Services based applications
- Analysis, testing, and verification of Web Services
General Chairs of ICWS 2005
Carl K. Chang
Professor and Chair, Department of Computer Science
Iowa State University, USA
2004 President, IEEE Computer Society
Liang-Jie (LJ) Zhang
Ph.D., IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, USA
Chair, Services Computing PIC, IBM Research
========================================================================
========================================================================
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